Photographer: Qilai Shen/Bloomberg 摄影师：沈启来/彭博社
By Bloomberg News 彭博新闻社 2022年5月20日 在 GMT+8 18：55
China’s biggest tech firm, Huawei Technologies Co., has risen to global prominence as a leader in 5G, the next-generation wireless technology. It’s also become a major target for the US, which has been leaning on allies to ban Huawei equipment from their national networks over spying concerns. In May 2022, Canada became the latest country to sign on to the American effort. Underlying the wrangling is the question of which country will take the lead in the nascent, “everything-connected” era, and who gets left behind.
中国最大的科技公司华为技术有限公司（Huawei Technologies Co.）作为下一代无线技术5G的领导者，已在全球崭露头角。它也成为美国的主要目标，美国一直依靠盟友禁止华为设备进入其国家网络，因为间谍问题。2022 年 5 月，加拿大成为最新加入美国努力的国家。争论的背后是哪个国家将在新生的“万物互联”时代发挥领导作用，谁会被抛在后面。
1. Why does the US have an issue with Huawei? 为什么美国对华为有问题？
US government officials say Huawei could use its substantial presence in the world’s telecommunications networks to spy for the Chinese government. In 2012, a [report](https://republicans-intelligence.house.gov/sites/intelligence.house.gov/files/documents/huawei-zte investigative report (final).pdf) by the US House Intelligence Committee singled out Huawei and ZTE Corp., another Chinese communications equipment maker, as potential security threats; the Federal Communications Commission in 2020 designated the companies as such and ordered US carriers to pull Huawei and ZTE equipment from their networks. Already in 2018, concerns about Huawei drove then-President Donald Trump to block a hostile takeover that could have curtailed American investments in chip and wireless technologies and handed global leadership to the Chinese company. Such concerns have grown as carriers spend billions of dollars on new 5G networks, which will collect data and enable services on an unparalleled scale.
美国政府官员表示，华为可以利用其在全球电信网络中的大量存在为中国政府进行间谍活动。2012年，美国众议院情报委员会的一份报告将华为和另一家中国通信设备制造商中兴通讯列为潜在的安全威胁;美国联邦通信委员会在 2020 年将这些公司指定为此类公司，并命令美国运营商将华为和中兴设备从其网络中撤出。早在2018年，对华为的担忧就促使时任总统唐纳德·特朗普阻止了敌意收购，该收购可能会减少美国对芯片和无线技术的投资，并将全球领导权交给这家中国公司。随着运营商在新的5G网络上花费数十亿美元，这种担忧已经增加，这些网络将以前所未有的规模收集数据并提供服务。
The Huawei Barometer 华为晴雨表
Policy on use of equipment from China’s Huawei in 5G mobile networks
关于在5G移动网络中使用中国华为设备的政策
Source: Bloomberg reporting
来源：彭博社报道
Note: Data as of May 2022. Mapped data show usage for distinct markets.
注：数据截至2022年5月。映射数据显示不同市场的使用情况。
2. How important is Huawei? 华为有多重要？
In just over three decades it’s grown from an electronics re-seller into one of the world’s biggest private companies, with leading positions in telecom gear, smartphones, cloud computing and cybersecurity, and substantial operations in Asia, Europe and Africa. Huawei generated 637 billion yuan ($96 billion) in revenue in 2021 -- more than twice that of Coca Cola Co. It’s plowed billions of dollars into 5G, breaking into the top 10 recipients of US patents in 2019, and helped to build 5G networks across the world. US sanctions spooked some Huawei customers and suppliers globally, while Chinese consumers and carriers rallied to its side.
在短短三十多年的时间里，它从一家电子产品转售商发展成为世界上最大的私营公司之一，在电信设备、智能手机、云计算和网络安全方面处于领先地位，并在亚洲、欧洲和非洲拥有大量业务。华为在2021年创造了6370亿元人民币（960亿美元）的收入，是可口可乐公司的两倍多。它向5G投入了数十亿美元，在2019年跻身美国专利前10名，并帮助在全球范围内建立了5G网络。美国的制裁吓坏了全球一些华为客户和供应商，而中国消费者和运营商则团结起来。
3. Why is its equipment a security issue? 为什么其设备存在安全问题？
The US government — like the Chinese and others — is wary of employing foreign technology in vital communications for fear that manufacturers could install hidden “backdoors” for spies to access sensitive data, or that the companies themselves would hand it over to their home governments. 5G networks are of particular concern because they go beyond making smartphone downloads faster. They also will enable new technologies like self-driving cars and the Internet of Things. UK-based carrier Vodafone Group Plc was said to have found and fixed backdoors on Huawei equipment used in its Italian business in 2011 and 2012. While it’s hard to know if those vulnerabilities were nefarious or accidental, the revelation dealt a blow to Huawei’s reputation.
美国政府——与中国和其他国家一样——对在重要通信中使用外国技术持谨慎态度，因为担心制造商可能会为间谍安装隐藏的“后门”来访问敏感数据，或者公司自己会将其移交给本国政府。5G网络尤其令人担忧，因为它们不仅仅是使智能手机下载速度更快。它们还将实现自动驾驶汽车和物联网等新技术。据称，总部位于英国的运营商沃达丰集团（Vodafone Group Plc）在2011年和2012年发现并修复了其意大利业务中使用的华为设备的后门。虽然很难知道这些漏洞是邪恶的还是偶然的，但这一发现对华为的声誉造成了打击。
4. Who’s using Huawei and who’s not? 谁在使用华为，谁没有？
Japan and Australia joined the US boycott early. The UK prohibited its telecom operators from buying Huawei 5G equipment starting in 2021, and equipment already installed must be removed by 2027. Sweden banned Huawei and ZTE from its 5G network in 2020. While Germany has avoided an outright ban, its carriers decided not to use Huawei in the critical core of their 5G networks. But the company has won 5G customers in Russia, the Middle East, Africa and Asia, including the Philippines and Thailand. Huawei’s equipment has tended to be cheaper than that of Nordic rivals Nokia Oyj and Ericsson AB and it’s invested more in research and development. In Malaysia, the prime minister has said his country will use Huawei “as much as possible.” South African President Cyril Ramaphosa has also defended using Huawei equipment. “We cannot afford to have our economy to be held back because of this fight,” he said in 2019.
日本和澳大利亚早早加入了美国的抵制行动。英国禁止其电信运营商从2021年开始购买华为5G设备，并且必须在2027年之前拆除已安装的设备。瑞典于 2020 年禁止华为和中兴通讯进入其 5G 网络。虽然德国避免了彻底的禁令，但其运营商决定不在其5G网络的关键核心中使用华为。但该公司已经在俄罗斯、中东、非洲和亚洲（包括菲律宾和泰国）赢得了5G客户。华为的设备往往比北欧竞争对手诺基亚Oyj和爱立信AB便宜，并且在研发方面投入更多。在马来西亚，总理表示，他的国家将“尽可能多地”使用华为。南非总统西里尔·拉马福萨（Cyril Ramaphosa）也为使用华为设备辩护。“我们不能让我们的经济因为这场斗争而受到阻碍，”他在2019年说。
5. What else has the US done? 美国还做了什么？
It moved to curb Huawei’s ability to sell equipment in the country and, more significantly, to buy parts from American suppliers by adding Huawei to a Commerce Department blacklist in 2019. Accusing the company of seeking to “undermine” those export controls, the department imposed further restrictions on chipmakers using American technology to design or produce semiconductors used by Huawei, meaning suppliers such as Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. will have to cut off Huawei unless they get a waiver from Washington -- or potentially face penalties. Under President Joe Biden, conditions on some export licenses were tightened on such components as semiconductors, antennas and batteries, barring their use in Huawei 5G devices. Other, earlier measures included the black-listing of 38 Huawei affiliates in 21 countries. The FCC said it would establish a list of proscribed equipment domestically and set up a program to reimburse US carriers for implementing the “rip and replace” order.
它采取行动是为了遏制华为在该国销售设备的能力，更重要的是，通过在2019年将华为列入商务部黑名单，从美国供应商那里购买零部件。该部门指责该公司试图“破坏”这些出口管制，对使用美国技术设计或生产华为使用的半导体的芯片制造商施加了进一步的限制，这意味着台湾半导体制造有限公司等供应商将不得不切断华为，除非他们获得华盛顿的豁免 - 否则可能面临处罚。在乔·拜登（Joe Biden）总统的领导下，半导体、天线和电池等组件的一些出口许可证条件收紧，禁止在华为5G设备中使用。其他早期的措施包括将21个国家的38家华为关联公司列入黑名单。美国联邦通信委员会表示，它将在国内制定一份被禁设备清单，并制定一项计划，以偿还美国航空公司实施“撕裂和更换”命令的费用。
6. What’s going on in Canada? 加拿大发生了什么？
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau joined the US in barring Huawei from 5G after wavering for more than three years. Canada has had tense relations with Beijing since 2018, when Huawei Chief Financial Officer Meng Wanzhou was arrested in Vancouver on a U.S. extradition request. China imprisoned two Canadians within days of Meng’s arrest. The high-stakes standoff was resolved in 2021 after the US struck a deferred-prosecution deal with Meng, allowing her to return to China and for the two Canadians to come home.
总理贾斯汀·特鲁多（Justin Trudeau）在摇摆了三年多之后，加入了美国，禁止华为使用5G。自2018年以来，加拿大与北京的关系一直很紧张，当时华为首席财务官孟晚舟因美国引渡请求在温哥华被捕。中国在孟晚舟被捕后的几天内监禁了两名加拿大人。在美国与孟晚舟达成延期起诉协议后，高风险的僵局于 2021 年得到解决，允许她返回中国并让两名加拿大人回家。
7. Who else has accused Huawei? 还有谁指责华为？
In 2003, Cisco Systems Inc. sued Huawei for allegedly infringing on its patents and illegally copying source code used in routers and switches. Huawei removed the contested code, manuals and command-line interfaces and the case was dropped. Motorola sued Huawei in 2010 for allegedly conspiring with former employees to steal trade secrets. That lawsuit was later settled. In 2017 a jury found Huawei liable for stealing robotic technology from T-Mobile US Inc., and in January 2019 the US Justice Department indicted Huawei for theft of trade secrets related to that case. The same month, Poland, a staunch US ally, arrested a Huawei employee on suspicion of spying for the Chinese government. Huawei fired the employee and denied any involvement in his alleged actions.
2003年，思科系统公司起诉华为涉嫌侵犯其专利并非法复制路由器和交换机中使用的源代码。华为删除了有争议的代码、手册和命令行界面，案件被撤销。摩托罗拉于2010年起诉华为涉嫌与前雇员合谋窃取商业机密。该诉讼后来得到解决。2017年，陪审团裁定华为应对从T-Mobile US Inc.窃取机器人技术负责，2019年1月，美国司法部起诉华为窃取与该案相关的商业机密。同月，美国坚定的盟友波兰逮捕了一名涉嫌为中国政府从事间谍活动的华为员工。华为解雇了这名员工，并否认与他所谓的行为有任何牵连。
8. What does Huawei say? 华为怎么说？
That US restrictions are not about cybersecurity but are really designed to safeguard American dominance of global tech. It has repeatedly denied that it helps Beijing to spy on other governments or companies. But bracing for continued pressure, it outlined plans to shake up its management ranks as revenue growth slowed. The company, which says it’s owned by founder Ren Zhengfei as well as its employees through a union, has in recent years begun releasing financial results, spent more on marketing and engaged with foreign media. Ren became more outspoken as he fought to defend his company. While he said he was proud of his military career and Communist Party membership, he rejected suggestions he was doing Beijing’s bidding or that Huawei handed over customer information.
美国的限制与网络安全无关，而是为了维护美国在全球科技领域的主导地位。它一再否认它帮助北京监视其他政府或公司。但为了应对持续的压力，它概述了随着收入增长放缓而改组其管理层的计划。该公司表示，它由创始人任正非及其员工通过工会拥有，近年来开始发布财务业绩，在营销上投入更多资金，并与外国媒体接触。任正非在为捍卫自己的公司而战时变得更加直言不讳。虽然他说他为自己的军事生涯和共产党员身份感到自豪，但他拒绝了他听从北京或华为交出客户信息的说法。
Chinese President Xi Jinping with Huawei’s Ren Zhengfei.
中国国家主席与华为的任正非习近平。
9. Are other Chinese companies feeling the heat? 其他中国公司是否感受到了热度？
Yes. In late 2020 the Pentagon added four more firms, including China National Offshore Oil Corp. and Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp., to a list of those it says are owned or controlled by China’s military, exposing them to increased scrutiny and potential sanctions. Other Chinese tech giants have been blacklisted for allegedly being implicated in human rights violations against minority Muslims in the country’s Xinjiang region. They included Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Co. and Zhejiang Dahua Technology Co., which by some accounts control as much as a third of the global market for video surveillance; SenseTime Group Ltd., the world’s most valuable artificial intelligence startup; and fellow AI giant Megvii Technology Ltd. ZTE almost collapsed after the US Commerce Department banned it for three months in 2018 from buying American technology.
是的。2020年底，五角大楼又增加了四家公司，包括中国海洋石油总公司和半导体制造国际公司，这些公司被中国军方拥有或控制，使它们面临更严格的审查和潜在的制裁。其他中国科技巨头因涉嫌涉嫌侵犯新疆少数民族穆斯林的人权而被列入黑名单。其中包括杭州海康威视数字技术有限公司和浙江大华科技有限公司，据某些人称，它们控制着全球视频监控市场的三分之一;商汤集团有限公司，全球最具价值的人工智能创业公司;人工智能巨头旷视科技股份有限公司中兴通讯在2018年被美国商务部禁止购买美国技术三个月后，几乎崩溃。
