1.Spelling of nouns/verbs + s 名词/动词 +S的规则
(plural nouns and present simple verbs after he/she/it)
| most nouns and verbs | add -s | cat-cats house- houses eat-eats sleep-sleeps |
|---|---|---|
| nouns and verbs that end in -ch -s -sh -x -o | add -es | church-churches bus -buses dish-dishes box-boxes potato-potatoes teach-teaches miss-misses wash-washes go-goes |
| nouns and verbs that end in consonant + -y | take away -y and add -ies | city-cities family-families carry-carries fly-flies |
| nouns and verbs that end in vowel + -y | add -s | holiday- holidays key-keys enjoy-enjoys play-plays |
| nouns that end in -f o r -fe | take away -f(e) and add -ves | wife-wives loaf- loaves (BUT roof - roofs) |
2.Spelling of -ing forms of verbs 动词+ing的规则
| most verbs | add -ing to the infinitive form | eat-ating go- going sleep- sleeping |
|---|---|---|
| verbs that end in -e | take away -e and add -ing | take-taking use —» using |
| verbs that end in -ie | take away -ie and add -ying | die-dying lie-lying |
| verbs of one syllable that end in a short vowel + consonant | double the consonant and add -ing | sit-sitting swim-swimming |
| verbs with more than one syllable that end in a stressed short vowel and consonant, e.g. begin. | double the consonant and add -ing (We don't double the consonant if the final syllable is not stressed:visit-visiting) | begin -beginning forget -forgetting |
3.Spelling of regular verbs
(past simple endings and past participles)
| verbs that end in -e | add -d | die- died like- liked live - lived |
|---|---|---|
| verbs that end in a stressed vowel and one consonant (except y, w or x) | double the consonant and add -ed (We don't double the consonant if the final syllable is not stressed) | plan-planned rob-robbed stop-stopped (visit -visited open-opened) |
| verbs that end in a consonant + -y | remove -y and add -ied | carry - carried study -studied |
| verbs that end in a vowel + -y | add -ed | enjoy-enjoyed play -played |
4.Spelling of comparative adjectives
| most short adjectives | add -er | rich-richer tall-taller |
|---|---|---|
| most short adjectives that end in e | add -r | late-later nice-nicer |
| short adjectives that end in one vowel + one consonant (except w) | double the consonant and add -er | big-bigger hot -hotter (slow-slower low -lower) |
| short adjectives that end in consonant + -y | change y to / and add -er | dry-drier funny-funnier |
5.Spelling of superlative adjectives
| most short adjectives | add -esf | rich-richest tall- tallest |
|---|---|---|
| short adjectives that end in -e | add -st | late-latest nice-nicest |
| short adjectives that end in one vowel + one consonant (except w) | double the consonant and add -est | big-biggest hot-hottest (slow- slowest low- lowest) |
| short adjectives that end in consonant + y | change y to i and add -est | dry- driest lucky-luckiest |
